La albuminuria y la enfermedad polivascular mejoran la capacidad predictiva de los modelos multivariados después de un evento cardiovascular agudo. Cohorte AIRVAG / Albuminuria and polyvascular disease improve multivariate predictive models after an acute cardiovascular event. The AIRVAG cohort

Antecedentes y objetivos: En la enfermedad cardiovascular ateroesclerótica no existe consenso respecto a los instrumentos de estratificación del riesgo en su prevención secundaria. Nuestro objetivo consistía en comparar la capacidad discriminativa de las funciones de riesgo de Framingham, REGICOR, SCORE y REACH y las puntuaciones de riesgo Bohula-TIMI y SMART, así como en evaluar el posible valor añadido de otras variables clínicas en cuanto a la predicción de recurrencias en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular. Métodos: Se analizó una cohorte de 269 pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular establecida (52,8% coronaria, 32% cerebrovascular, 15,2% arteriopatía periférica). Se compararon las funciones de supervivencia de los grupos de riesgo (bajo/intermedio/alto) según los valores de corte de uso habitual de cada función o puntuación y se calcularon las razones de riesgos instantáneos (RRI) correspondientes a cada una mediante regresión de Cox. Se calculó el Δ C de Harrell, el cat-IRN y el cIRN después de añadir nuevos factores predictivos a un modelo base que incluía edad, sexo, colesterol total, tabaquismo activo, hipertensión arterial y diabetes. Resultados: Al cabo de 6 años de seguimiento (mediana de 4,82 años) se habían producido 61 eventos (23%). Los grupos de riesgo alto tuvieron un mayor riesgo de recurrencia: SMART (RRI: 3,17 [1,55-6,5]), Framingham (RRI: 3,08 [1,65-5,75]), REGICOR (RRI: 2,71 [1,39-5,27]), SCORE (RRI: 2,14 [1,01-4,5], REACH (RRI: 5,74 [2,83-11,7]) y B-TIMI (RRI: 3,68 [0,88-15,3]). La enfermedad polivascular (3 territorios, RRI: 5,6 [2,2-14,25]), la albuminuria (RRI: 3,55 [2,06-6,11]) y la insuficiencia cardíaca (RRI: 3,11 [1,34-7,25]) también incrementaron el riesgo. La capacidad discriminativa (índice C de Harrell) fue baja, pero mejoró tras añadir la albuminuria y la enfermedad polivascular. Ambas variables también mejoraron el rendimiento del modelo base (cIRN: 0,326 [0,036; 0,607]) (AU)

Background and aims: There is no consensus regarding risk stratification tools for secondary prevention in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to compare the discriminative performance of the Framingham, REGICOR, SCORE, and REACH risk functions and the Bohula-TIMI and SMART risk scores, as well as to assess the potential added value of other clinical variables for the prediction of recurrent events in patients with established vascular disease. Methods: A cohort of 269 patients with established vascular disease (52.8% coronary, 32% cerebrovascular, 15.2% peripheral artery disease) was included. The survival functions of risk groups (low/medium/high) according to commonly used cutoff points for each function/score were compared, and hazard ratios (HR) for each were estimated using Cox regression. We calculated Δ Harrell's C statistic, cat-NRI, and cNRI after adding new predictors to a base model including age, sex, total cholesterol, current smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes. Results: After 6 years of follow-up (median 4.82 years), 61 events occurred (23%). High-risk groups had a higher risk of recurrent event: SMART (HR: 3.17 [1.55-6.5]), Framingham (HR: 3.08 [1.65-5.75]), REGICOR (HR: 2.71 [1.39-5.27]), SCORE (HR: 2.14 [1.01-4.5], REACH (HR: 5.74 [2.83-11.7]), B-TIMI (HR: 3.68 [0.88-15.3]). Polyvascular disease (3 territories HR: 5.6 [2.2-14.25]), albuminuria (HR: 3.55 [2.06-6.11]), and heart failure (HR: 3.11 [1.34-7.25]) also increased risk. Discrimination (Harrell's C) was low but improved after adding albuminuria and polyvascular disease. Both variables also improved the performance of the base model (cNRI: 0.326 [0.036; 0.607]). Conclusions: The Framingham, REGICOR, SCORE, and REACH functions and the B-TIMI and SMART scores showed low yet similar performance in secondary prevention. Albuminuria and polyvascular disease improved the predictive performance of major classical cardiovascular risk factors (AU)

SEA 2022 Standards for Global Control of Cardiovascular Risk. / Estándares SEA 2022 para el control global del riesgo cardiovascular.

One of the objectives of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis is to contribute to better knowledge of vascular disease, its prevention and treatment. It is well known that cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in our country and entail a high degree of disability and health care costs. Arteriosclerosis is a multifactorial disease and therefore its prevention requires a global approach that takes into account the different risk factors with which it is associated. Therefore, this document summarizes the current level of knowledge and includes recommendations and procedures to be followed in patients with established cardiovascular disease or at high vascular risk. Specifically, this document reviews the main symptoms and signs to be evaluated during the clinical visit, the laboratory and imaging procedures to be routinely requested or requested for those in special situations. It also includes vascular risk estimation, the diagnostic criteria of the different entities that are cardiovascular risk factors, and makes general and specific recommendations for the treatment of the different cardiovascular risk factors and their final objectives. Finally, the document includes aspects that are not usually referenced in the literature, such as the organization of a vascular risk consultation.

Albuminuria and polyvascular disease improve multivariate predictive models after an acute cardiovascular event. The AIRVAG cohort.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is no consensus regarding risk stratification tools for secondary prevention in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to compare the discriminative performance of the Framingham, REGICOR, SCORE, and REACH risk functions and the Bohula-TIMI and SMART risk scores, as well as to assess the potential added value of other clinical variables for the prediction of recurrent events in patients with established vascular disease. METHODS: A cohort of 269 patients with established vascular disease (52.8% coronary, 32% cerebrovascular, 15.2% PAD) was included. The survival functions of risk groups (low/medium/high) according to commonly used cutoff points for each function/score were compared, and hazard ratios for each were estimated using Cox regression. We calculated Δ Harrell's C statistic, cat-NRI, and cNRI after adding new predictors to a base model including age, sex, total cholesterol, current smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes. RESULTS: After six years of follow-up (median 4.82 years), 61 events occurred (23%). High-risk groups had a higher risk of recurrent event: SMART (HR: 3.17 [1.55-6.5]), Framingham (HR: 3.08 [1.65-5.75]), REGICOR (HR: 2.71 [1.39-5.27]), SCORE (HR: 2.14 [1.01-4.5], REACH (HR: 5.74 [2.83-11.7]), B-TIMI (HR: 3.68 [0.88-15.3]). Polyvascular disease (three territories HR: 5.6 [2.2-14.25]), albuminuria (HR: 3.55 [2.06-6.11]), and heart failure (HR: 3.11 [1.34-7.25]) also increased risk. Discrimination (Harrell's C) was low but improved after adding albuminuria and polyvascular disease. Both variables also improved the performance of the base model (cNRI.326 [.036; .607]). CONCLUSIONS: The Framingham, REGICOR, SCORE, and REACH functions and the B-TIMI and SMART scores showed low yet similar performance in secondary prevention. Albuminuria and polyvascular disease improved the predictive performance of major classical cardiovascular risk factors.

Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among adult residents of Alcorcon (Spain) in the first wave of the disease up to April 25, 2020. RESULTS: The crude cumulative incidence among migrants (n = 20419) was higher than among Spaniards (n = 131599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1000 inhabitants, respectively (p <  .001), but differed by region of origin. As per a negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex, relative risk (RR) for COVID-19 for individuals from Europe, Asia, or North Africa was not significantly different from Spaniards. In contrast, a markedly increased risk was found in people from Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p =  .007), the Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p <  .001), and Latin America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p <  .001). CONCLUSIONS: Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America exhibited increased risk for COVID-19 as compared to Spaniards or migrants from Europe, North Africa, or Asia. Our data suggest ethnic background may play a role in risk for COVID-19. Migrants from some areas of the world may merit closer attention for both clinical and epidemiological reasons.

Riesgo de COVID-19 en españoles y migrantes de distintas zonas del mundo residentes en España en la primera oleada de la enfermedad / Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain

Introducción y objetivo Existen pocos estudios sobre el potencial papel de los orígenes raciales/étnicos en el riesgo de infección de COVID-19, particularmente en Europa. Evaluamos el riesgo de COVID-19 entre los migrantes de diferentes zonas del mundo en un contexto de acceso universal gratuito a la atención médica. Material y métodos Realizamos un análisis de cohortes poblacional de la incidencia acumulada de COVID-19 confirmada mediante PCR entre los residentes adultos en Alcorcón (España) en la primera oleada de la enfermedad hasta el 25 de abril de 2020. Resultados La incidencia acumulada bruta entre los migrantes (n=20.419) fue mayor que entre los españoles (n=131.599): 8,81 y 6,51 por cada 1.000 habitantes, respectivamente (p<0,001), pero difería según la región de origen mundial. Mediante regresión binomial negativa, ajustada por edad y sexo, los riesgos relativos (RR) para COVID-19 no fueron significativamente diferentes de los españoles para los individuos provenientes de Europa, Asia o el norte de África. Por el contrario, hubo un marcado aumento del riesgo para los del África subsahariana (RR 3,66, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC] 1,42-9,41, p=0,007), el Caribe (RR 6,35, IC 95% 3,83-10,55, p<0,001) y América Latina (RR 6,92, IC 95% 4,49-10,67, p<0,001). Conclusiones Los migrantes procedentes del África subsahariana, el Caribe y América Latina, a diferencia de los españoles o migrantes procedentes de Europa, el norte de África o Asia, presentaron un mayor riesgo de COVID-19. Nuestros datos sugieren un papel para el origen étnico en el riesgo de COVID-19. Los migrantes de algunas zonas del mundo pueden merecer una atención más cercana tanto por razones clínicas como epidemiológicas (AU)

Introduction and objectives Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. Material and methods We conducted a population-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among adult residents of Alcorcon (Spain) in the first wave of the disease up to April 25, 2020. Results The crude cumulative incidence among migrants (n=20,419) was higher than among Spaniards (n=131,599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively (p<.001), but differed by region of origin. As per a negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex, relative risk (RR) for COVID-19 for individuals from Europe, Asia, or North Africa was not significantly different from Spaniards. In contrast, a markedly increased risk was found for people from Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p=.007), the Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p<.001), and Latin America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p<.001). Conclusions Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America exhibited increased risk for COVID-19 as compared to Spaniards or migrants from Europe, North Africa, or Asia. Our data suggest that the ethnic background may play a role in risk for COVID-19. Migrants from some areas of the world may merit closer attention for both clinical and epidemiological reasons (AU)

[Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain]. / Riesgo de COVID-19 en españoles y migrantes de distintas zonas del mundo residentes en España en la primera oleada de la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among adult residents of Alcorcon (Spain) in the first wave of the disease up to April 25, 2020. RESULTS: The crude cumulative incidence among migrants (n = 20,419) was higher than among Spaniards (n = 131,599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively (p < .001), but differed by region of origin. As per a negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex, relative risk (RR) for COVID-19 for individuals from Europe, Asia, or North Africa was not significantly different from Spaniards. In contrast, a markedly increased risk was found for people from Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p = .007), the Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p < .001), and Latin America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America exhibited increased risk for COVID-19 as compared to Spaniards or migrants from Europe, North Africa, or Asia. Our data suggest that the ethnic background may play a role in risk for COVID-19. Migrants from some areas of the world may merit closer attention for both clinical and epidemiological reasons.

Differential risk for COVID-19 in the first wave of the disease among Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world living in Spain. / Riesgo de COVID-19 en españoles y migrantes de distintas zonas del mundo residentes en España en la primera oleada de la enfermedad.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known regarding the relevance of racial/ethnic background to the risk for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Europe. We evaluated the risk of COVID-19 among migrants from different areas of the world within the context of universal free access to medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 among adult residents of Alcorcon (Spain) in the first wave of the disease up to April 25, 2020. RESULTS: The crude cumulative incidence among migrants (n=20,419) was higher than among Spaniards (n=131,599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1,000 inhabitants, respectively (p<.001), but differed by region of origin. As per a negative binomial regression adjusted for age and sex, relative risk (RR) for COVID-19 for individuals from Europe, Asia, or North Africa was not significantly different from Spaniards. In contrast, a markedly increased risk was found for people from Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p=.007), the Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p<.001), and Latin America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America exhibited increased risk for COVID-19 as compared to Spaniards or migrants from Europe, North Africa, or Asia. Our data suggest that the ethnic background may play a role in risk for COVID-19. Migrants from some areas of the world may merit closer attention for both clinical and epidemiological reasons.

Inhibidores de PCSK9: ratificación del papel del colesterol LDL en prevención cardiovascular. ¿Hacia la convergencia en las guías de prevención europeas y norteamericanas? / PCSK9 inhibitors: ratification of the role of LDL cholesterol in cardiovascular prevention. Towards a convergence of European and North American prevention guidelines?

La asociación epidemiológica entre los niveles de colesterol asociado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (c-LDL) y el desarrollo de enfermedad vascular aterosclerosa ha sido ratificada mediante estudios de aleatorización mendeliana. Paradójicamente, el éxito de las estatinas condujo a minusvalorar otros tratamientos hipolipidemiantes e incluso la medición del c-LDL. Estudios recientes muestran que la reducción del c-LDL hasta niveles extraordinariamente bajos mediante inhibidores de la absorción y, de modo especialmente intenso, con los anticuerpos monoclonales anti proproteína convertasa subtilisina kexina 9 (PCSK9) continúa ofreciendo protección cardiovascular. Sin embargo, el elevado coste y la limitada experiencia con los inhibidores de PCSK-9 aconsejan un uso prudente de los mismos. Una selección adecuada de los pacientes que más se pueden beneficiar del tratamiento con inhibidores de vPCSK9 emerge como base de consenso de las guías internacionales: la combinación de un elevado riesgo vascular absoluto y un mayor beneficio esperable por los niveles de c-LDL de partida

The epidemiological association of cholesterol associated with low density lipoproteins (LDL-c) levels and the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease has been ratified by mendelian randomization studies. Paradoxically, the success of statins led to the underestimation of other lipid-lowering therapies and even the measurement of LDL-c. Recent studies show that the reduction of LDL-c to extraordinarily low levels through absorption inhibition, and, in a particularly intensive manner, with monoclonal antibodies against pro-protein convertase subtilisine Kesine 9 (PCSK9) continues to offer cardiovascular protection. However, the high cost and limited experience with PCSK-9 inhibitors advised a prudent use of them. An appropriate selection of patients most likely to benefit from treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors emerges as the basis for a consensus of international guidelines: the combination of a high absolute vascular risk and a greater expected benefit by the starting LDL-c levels

EPOC y enfermedad cardiovascular: algo más que una co-incidencia / COPD and cardiovascular disease: more than just a co-incidence

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PCSK9 inhibitors: Ratification of the role of LDL cholesterol in cardiovascular prevention. Towards a convergence of European and North American prevention guidelines? / Inhibidores de PCSK9: ratificación del papel del colesterol LDL en prevención cardiovascular. ¿Hacia la convergencia en las guías de prevención europeas y norteamericanas?

The epidemiological association of cholesterol associated with low density lipoproteins (LDL-c) levels and the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease has been ratified by mendelian randomization studies. Paradoxically, the success of statins led to the underestimation of other lipid-lowering therapies and even the measurement of LDL-c. Recent studies show that the reduction of LDL-c to extraordinarily low levels through absorption inhibition, and, in a particularly intensive manner, with monoclonal antibodies against pro-protein convertase subtilisine Kesine 9 (PCSK9) continues to offer cardiovascular protection. However, the high cost and limited experience with PCSK-9 inhibitors advised a prudent use of them. An appropriate selection of patients most likely to benefit from treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors emerges as the basis for a consensus of international guidelines: the combination of a high absolute vascular risk and a greater expected benefit by the starting LDL-c levels.

Síndrome de Kounis o infarto alérgico: una entidad desconocida / Kounis syndrome or allergic infarction: a relatively unknown entity

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Ensayos clínicos, ciencia y economía / Clinical trials, science and economy

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El patrón ST-T de Winter: un equivalente de Síndrome coronario agudo con elevación de ST / The de Winter ST-T pattern: An equivalent to acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation

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Uso de las nuevas tecnologías y telemedicina en el seguimiento del recién nacido sano / Use of the new technologies and Telemedicine, in the healthy newborn follow up

Introducción: la implementación de la telemedicina es cada vez mayor; sin embargo, no existen estudios controlados en nuestro medio que demuestren su efecto en Atención Primaria (AP). Nuestro objetivo es analizar si la implementación de prácticas tecnológicas puede ir encaminada al asesoramiento de las familias. Materiales y métodos: estudio piloto de intervención, prospectivo, controlado no aleatorizado, muestreo consecutivo, con seguimiento longitudinal de seis meses, realizado en un centro de AP pediátrica. Seguimiento a través de web, redes sociales y telemedicina, entre las revisiones del niño sano, 1-2, 2-4 y 4-6 meses. Charlas grupales por telemedicina: vacunas, lactancia materna e introducción alimentos. El grupo control recibió el seguimiento habitual de AP. Resultados: la distribución sociodemográfica, revisiones presenciales del niño sano, detección de patologías fueron homogéneas en los dos grupos. En el grupo de intervención, se objetivó una disminución de la frecuentación de visita pediátrica/enfermería (p<0,05); se reforzó la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta el sexto mes, control 18,6% e intervención 36%. Seguimiento: web 72,5%; redes sociales 58,8%, telemedicina 88,3% y charlas 78,4%. Satisfacción 86,2%. Encuesta pre- y posintervención: cambio de actitud en desplazarse a urgencia/hospital por dudas del 58,62% al 0% (p<0,05). Posición de seguridad al dormir: boca arriba/lado del 73,68% al 100% (p<0,05). Conclusiones: la telemedicina ha demostrado ser eficaz y eficiente en AP en el control, seguimiento y prevención de los problemas habituales de los lactantes sanos en los primeros seis meses de vida. Una web especializada, redes sociales y telemedicina resuelven dudas sobre lactancia materna, alimentación y vacunas. La telemedicina fortalece la atención médica continuada, disminuyendo la frecuentación Pediatría/enfermería (AU)

Background: new technologies, as, websites, social networks and telemedicine are increasingly used for the community to improve and promote health. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the e-Health in primary care medicine of healthy infants during their first 6 months of age. Methods: pilot prospective intervention, controlled non randomised study, healthy newborn until they're 6 months old, in a primary care medical centre. Website was developed and also a e-Health already established website was used for, visiting between standard, revisions of face to face newborn care: 1-2, 2-4, 4-6 months old; and telemedicine discussions group of vaccines, breastfeeding and introducing solid food. Results: the use of new technologies, demonstrated a decreased of face to face pediatrics and nursing consultant, p<0.05. Increased of exclusive breastfeeding until six months old: control 18,5%, case 36%. Tracker website 72,5%, social networks 58,8%, telemedicine 88,3% and telemedicine patients groups 78,4%. Survey: a changing the attitudes to go to the emergency hospital by questions about the newborn care, before 58,62% after 0%, p<0.05. Safe sleeping position, to sleep on his back, before 73,68% after 100% p<0.05. Conclusions: telemedicine is effective and efficient in improving child health at pediatric primary care. Website, social networks and telemedicine, resolves questions of breastfeeding, introducing solid food and vaccines. Telemedicine benefits the continuous improvement in health care. Decrease the face-to-face pediatrics and nursery consultant (AU)